How Encryption Keys Are Generated

Posted : admin On 15.04.2020
  1. Feb 26, 2018 This article will explain at a high-level Private and Public Key Cryptography used in Bitcoin and it’s unique security feature. We will be looking at how Public Keys are generated, why this is.
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While Encrypting a File with a Password from the Command Line using OpenSSLis very useful in its own right, the real power of the OpenSSL library is itsability to support the use of public key cryptograph for encrypting orvalidating data in an unattended manner (where the password is not required toencrypt) is done with public keys.

Apr 16, 2018 In cryptography a ‘key’ is a piece of information used in combination with an algorithm (a ‘cipher’) to transform plaintext into ciphertext (encryption) and vice versa (decryption). A cipher can be ‘reciprocal’ if it is used for both encryption and decryption, or ‘non-reciprocal’ if a transformation to the key is required when using it in reverse. Oct 18, 2016 The encryption keys generated in modern cryptographic algorithms are generated depending upon the algorithm used. Primarily there are two types of encryption schemes: Symmetric and Asymmetric(Public Key encryption). Symmetric Encryption schemes like AES, DES use a key of defined bit size.

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The Commands to Run

How Encryption Keys Are Generated Made

Generate a 2048 bit RSA Key

You can generate a public and private RSA key pair like this:

openssl genrsa -des3 -out private.pem 2048

That generates a 2048-bit RSA key pair, encrypts them with a password you provideand writes them to a file. You need to next extract the public key file. You willuse this, for instance, on your web server to encrypt content so that it canonly be read with the private key.

Export the RSA Public Key to a File

This is a command that is

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openssl rsa -in private.pem -outform PEM -pubout -out public.pem

The -pubout flag is really important. Be sure to include it.

Next open the public.pem and ensure that it starts with-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----. This is how you know that this file is thepublic key of the pair and not a private key.

To check the file from the command line you can use the less command, like this:

less public.pem

Do Not Run This, it Exports the Private Key

A previous version of the post gave this example in error.

openssl rsa -in private.pem -out private_unencrypted.pem -outform PEM

The error is that the -pubout was dropped from the end of the command.That changes the meaning of the command from that of exporting the public keyto exporting the private key outside of its encrypted wrapper. Inspecting theoutput file, in this case private_unencrypted.pem clearly shows that the keyis a RSA private key as it starts with -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----.

Visually Inspect Your Key Files

It is important to visually inspect you private and public key files to makesure that they are what you expect. OpenSSL will clearly explain the nature ofthe key block with a -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- or -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----.

You can use less to inspect each of your two files in turn:

  • less private.pem to verify that it starts with a -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
  • less public.pem to verify that it starts with a -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----

The next section shows a full example of what each key file should look like.

The Generated Key Files

The generated files are base64-encoded encryption keys in plain text format.If you select a password for your private key, its file will be encrypted withyour password. Be sure to remember this password or the key pair becomes useless.

Microsoft Encryption Key Management

The private.pem file looks something like this:

The public key, public.pem, file looks like:

Protecting Your Keys

Depending on the nature of the information you will protect, it’s important tokeep the private key backed up and secret. The public key can be distributedanywhere or embedded in your web application scripts, such as in your PHP,Ruby, or other scripts. Again, backup your keys!

Remember, if the key goes away the data encrypted to it is gone. Keeping aprinted copy of the key material in a sealed envelope in a bank safety depositbox is a good way to protect important keys against loss due to fire or harddrive failure.

Oh, and one last thing.

If you, dear reader, were planning any funny business with the private key that I have just published here. Know that they were made especially for this series of blog posts. I do not use them for anything else.

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There are multiple ways of generating an encryption key. Most implementations rely on a random object. All examples mentioned here use a secure cryptographic randomizer.

PowerShell

Encryption Keys Daily

Base64

Hex

C#

The code snippets below can be run from LINQPad or by copying the following code into a new project and referencing System.Security.

Base64

Hex

OpenSSL

OpenSSL is well known for its ability to generate certificates but it can also be used to generate random data.

Base64

Generates 32 random bytes (256bits) in a base64 encoded output:

Plaintext

Generates 32 random characters (256bits):

Be aware that strings parsed by NServiceBus do not use extended ASCII which limits the key range to 7 bits per character.

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